Zochitika Zaukalamba

Mbiri yakale

Italy imatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa mayiko omwe ali ndi anthu okalamba kwambiri. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, zaka zambiri za anthu a ku Italy zakwera kuchokera ku 43 mpaka zaka 45.7, zaka za moyo wa amuna zafika zaka 81, ndipo zaka za moyo wa akazi zafika zaka 85.3, ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu opitirira 65 chakwera kufika pa 23.2%.

Deta ikuwonetsa kuti kuyambira pa Januware 1, 2017, anthu onse a ku Italy anali 60.57 miliyoni, kuchepa kwa 86,000 poyerekeza ndi nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha, komanso kukula koyipa kwa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi zotsatizana kuyambira 2007. 648,000. Oposa 115,000 a ku Italy adasamukira kunja ku 2016, kuwonjezeka kwa 12.6% poyerekeza ndi 2015.

Lipotilo linanena kuti kukalamba kwa anthu a ku Italy kunapitirizabe. Mu 2016, anthu opitilira zaka 65 adapitilira 13.5 miliyoni, zomwe zidakwana 22.3% ya anthu onse mdziko muno, zomwe zikuwonjezeka ndi 0.3% kuposa chaka chatha. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zaka za moyo wa amuna a ku Italy mu 2016 zawonjezeka kuchokera zaka 80.1 m'chaka chapitacho kufika zaka 80.6, ndi akazi kuchokera zaka 84.6 kufika zaka 85.1. Kuonjezera apo, zaka zambiri za amayi obereka ku Italy zinawonjezeka mpaka zaka 31.7 mu 2016, ndipo chiwerengero cha kubereka chinatsika kufika pa 1.34 kuchokera ku 1.35 chaka chatha.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero mu 2019, Italy ndi dziko lachiwiri lokalamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Chiwerengero chonse cha Italy ndi pafupifupi 59.5 miliyoni, pomwe 28.6% ali ndi zaka zopitilira 60 ndipo 22.4% ali ndi zaka zopitilira 65. %, 1 mwa anthu 5 ku Italy ali ndi zaka zoposa 65. Germany ndi dziko lachitatu padziko lonse okalamba. Chiwerengero chonse cha Germany ndi pafupifupi 83.15 miliyoni, pomwe anthu opitilira zaka 60 amakhala pafupifupi 27.4%, ndipo anthu opitilira zaka 65 amakhala pafupifupi 21.1%.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa

Mu lipoti laposachedwa ndi Italy Central Statistics Office, chiwerengero cha anthu ku Italy chikuyembekezeka kutsika mpaka pafupifupi 47.6 miliyoni mu 2070, kutsika pafupifupi 20% kuyambira Januware 2020. Atolankhani aku Italy aku 27th akuti chiwerengero cha Italy chinali pafupifupi 59.6 miliyoni mu Januware 2020, ndipo chiwerengerochi chikuyembekezeka kutsika mpaka pafupifupi 2034 miliyoni mpaka 2034 miliyoni. 2050.

Kuphatikiza pa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, anthu okalamba aku Italy sanganyalanyazidwe. Bungwe la Central Bureau of Statistics likulosera kuti pakati pa 2020 ndi 2050, zaka zambiri za anthu a ku Italy zidzawonjezeka kuchoka pa zaka 45.7 kufika ku 50.7; chiŵerengero cha anthu opitirira zaka 65 m’chiŵerengero chonse chidzawonjezeka kuchoka pa 23.2% kufika pa 35%; chiwerengero cha anthu osapitirira zaka 14 chidzakwera kuchoka pa 13% kufika pa 12%; chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito chidzatsika kuchoka pa 63% kufika pa 53%. Chiwerengero cha kubadwa kwa Italy chakhala chochepa pakati pa mayiko a ku Ulaya kwa zaka zambiri. Kuyambira 2007, chiwopsezo cha kufa kwa anthu aku Italy chaposa chiwerengero cha kubadwa chaka chilichonse.

Bungwe lofufuza kafukufuku la Italy Labor Confederation lati chiwerengero cha anthu okalamba chidzakhudza kwambiri msika wa anthu ogwira ntchito. M'zaka 20, chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito ku Italy azaka zapakati pa 16 ndi 63 chidzachepa ndi 6.8 miliyoni, pamene anthu osagwira ntchito zaka 15 ndi 64 adzawonjezeka ndi 3.8 miliyoni.

Mu 2021, atolankhani aku Italy adanenanso kuti, pakali pano, chiwerengero cha anthu aku Italiya azaka zopitilira 65 ndi kuwirikiza 1.5 kuchuluka kwa achinyamata osakwana zaka 14, ndipo pofika 2030, chiŵerengerochi chidzakwera nthawi 2.07. Kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu okalamba kwabweretsa mavuto aakulu ku ndale za ku Italy, chuma ndi anthu.

Kuwonjezeka kwa anthu okalamba kwadzetsa mavuto a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro a anthu ovota okalamba amakhudza kwambiri ndondomeko ya dziko ndikukonzanso chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ku Italy. Kuwonjezera apo, anthu a ku Italy ali ndi malingaliro amphamvu a banja, ndipo kusamalira okalamba kumawonedwa ngati udindo wa banja. Kuchuluka kwa nyumba zosungirako anthu okalamba ndi ntchito zosamalira kunyumba ku Italy sikuli kokwera, ndipo mabungwe aboma ndi anthu azingolowererapo pomwe amwenye opanda kanthu ndi okalamba osakwatiwa akuwafuna. Chifukwa chake, thanzi komanso chisamaliro chatsiku ndi tsiku kwa anthu okalamba zakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri ku Italy. Bungwe la nyuzipepala ya ku Italy ANSA linatchula zomwe zaposachedwapa kuchokera ku Italy Health Observatory zosonyeza kuti pofika chaka cha 2028, padzakhala okalamba pafupifupi 6.3 miliyoni ku Italy omwe adzataya ufulu wawo, zomwe zidzabweretse mavuto aakulu a anthu monga kusamalidwa kokwanira. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, chiŵerengero cha okalamba ku Italy amene akuvutika ndi kupsinjika maganizo ndi nkhani za kusudzulana kwa okalamba okonzanso mabanja awo zakhala zikuwonjezereka m’zaka zaposachedwapa.

Mapiramidi a Chiwerengero cha Anthu - Piramidi ya Chiwerengero cha Anthu ku Italy mu 2022

IT Italy

M'chaka cha 2022, kugawidwa kwa anthu ku Italy ndi:

Chiwerengero cha anthu	59,119,400	100%
Chiwerengero cha achinyamata	7,416,450	12.54%
Chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito	37.601.842	63.60%
Chiwerengero cha okalamba	14,101.108	23.85%

Chiwerengero cha anthu azaka zogwira ntchito chidzakhala chochepera 60% mwa anthu onse mchaka cha 2032. Chiwerengero cha anthu okalamba chidzaposa kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero cha achinyamata pofika chaka cha 2024. Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu chinafika pa 60,347,844 mu 2014.

Mu 2050, anthu okalamba adzakhala 37.09 peresenti ya anthu a ku Italy, ndipo vuto la kukalamba kwa anthu ndi lalikulu.] World Bank Global Statistics]

Chithunzi 2 [World Bank Global Statistics]

Mbiri yakale

Germany idayamba kukalamba kwanthawi yayitali mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 19. Mu 1930, anthu azaka zapakati pa 65 ndi kupitilira apo adawerengera 7% ya anthu onse, zomwe zidawonetsa kuti Germany idatsogola kulowa mgulu la okalamba. Kuyambira pamenepo, chiŵerengero cha okalamba chapitirizabe kukwera. Pazaka 45 kuyambira 1930 mpaka 1975, chiwerengero cha anthu aku Germany azaka 65 ndi kupitilira apo chakwera kuchoka pa 7% mpaka 14%.

Mkhalidwe wachuma ku Germany ukulolera kukalamba kwa anthu, motero inshuwaransi yake ya penshoni ndi ndalama zapenshoni ndizokwera kwambiri. Malinga ndi ziwerengero, chiwongola dzanja cha inshuwaransi ya penshoni ku Germany mu 1997 ndi 1998 chinali chokwera mpaka 20.3%. Maziko ake amphamvu azachuma amapatsa likulu kuti asunge ndalama zambiri zapenshoni. Komabe, kukula kwachitukuko cha ukalamba wa anthu ndi kuwonjezereka kwa zaka zoyembekeza kukhala ndi moyo kudzachititsa kuti anthu opuma pantchito achuluke komanso zaka zimene amalandira. Ngakhale momwe chuma chilili panopa, n'zokayikitsa ngati phindu lapamwamba lapachiyambi likhoza kusungidwa. . Ngati chuma chikuipiraipira ndipo kuuma kwa umoyo wabwino kumapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kuchepetsa mlingo wa penshoni, zidzakhala zovuta kukwera kambuku. Germany akudziwa izi, ndipo anayesa kuchepetsa mlingo wochuluka wa penshoni mu Pension Reform Act ya 1999, kuwonjezera chinthu chachitukuko cha anthu ku chiŵerengero cha penshoni, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuonetsetsa kuti kuchepa kwa penshoni kumachepetsa, ndi / penshoni Gold Level Guarantee Clause 0 kutsimikizira milingo ya penshoni.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa

Mu 2020, anthu a ku Germany ndi 83.155 miliyoni, ndi chiwerengero cha kukula kwachilengedwe cha -2.5 ‰, kuchepa kwa 0,9 peresenti poyerekeza ndi nthawi ya kukula kwa mwana mu 1964. Kwa zaka zotsatizana 48, anthu atsopano sanathe kupanga kusiyana kwa imfa, makamaka kudalira anthu othawa kwawo ndi othawa kwawo monga gwero la anthu othawa kwawo. Chiwerengero cha anthu ku Germany chikuyembekezeka kutsika ndi pafupifupi 6% pofika 2060 poyerekeza ndi 2020. Panali anthu 212,000 omwe anamwalira ku Germany mu 2020, kuchokera pa 161,000 mu 2019, ndipo kusiyana kwachilengedwe kukukulirakulira. Malinga ndi ofesi ya Federal Statistical Office yaku Germany, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa kufa kwa anthu aku Germany mu 2020 chifukwa cha vuto la mliri watsopano wa korona, kuchuluka kwa okalamba kudapitilira kukula. Chiwerengero cha azaka zapakati pa 80 ndi kupitirira chinawonjezeka ndi 4.5% kuposa chaka chatha kufika pa 5.9 miliyoni, kukweza ndalama za penshoni ndi ndalama zothandizira zaumoyo.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Banki Yadziko Lonse, kuyambira 1950 mpaka 2020, chiwerengero cha anthu azaka 65 ndi kupitilira apo ku Germany chakwera kuchoka pa 9.7% mpaka 21.9%, kuposa 16.6%, 18.2%, 18.7%, ndi 20.8% ya United States, Hong Kong, China, ndi France. Ili pamtunda wachisanu ndi chimodzi padziko lonse lapansi ndipo ikuyembekezeka kufika 28.5% pofika 2060. Malinga ndi zaka zapakati, malinga ndi deta ya CIA World Factbook, zaka zapakati ku Germany zinawonjezeka kuchokera ku 34.2 zaka mpaka zaka 47.8 mu 1970-2020, zomwe zili pachinayi padziko lonse lapansi, zocheperapo pang'ono kuposa zaka za Japan 48, United States, France ndi United States. pakati. Potengera kufulumira kwa ukalamba, liwiro la ukalamba la Germany ndi lachiwiri ku Japan, lomwe lili pamalo oyamba m'maiko aku Western. Zinatengera Germany zaka 40 kuti asinthe kuchoka ku ukalamba wopitilira 7% ya anthu azaka zapakati pa 65 ndi kupitilira mpaka kukalamba kopitilira 14%, ndi 65, 126, 46, 24 zaka ku United States, France, United Kingdom, ndi Japan. chaka.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero zaposachedwa kwambiri zotulutsidwa ndi Germany Federal Statistics Office pa 27th mu 2020, pofika kumapeto kwa 2019, kunali okalamba 17.7 miliyoni azaka 65 ndi kupitilira apo ku Germany, akuwerengera 21.4% ya anthu onse. Chiwerengero cha okalamba ku Germany chakula ndi 36.6% pazaka 20 zapitazi. Kumapeto kwa 1997, okalamba ku Germany azaka 65 ndi kupitilira apo anali 13 miliyoni, zomwe zimawerengera 15.8% ya anthu onse.

Akazi anali 56.4% mwa anthu a ku Germany azaka 65 ndi kupitirira, poyerekeza ndi 63% kumapeto kwa 1997. Pakati pa mayiko a EU, Germany ndi dziko lomwe lili ndi anthu okalamba kwambiri. Avereji ya anthu azaka zapakati pa 65 ndi kupitilira mu EU ndi 19.4% ya anthu onse, Italy ndi Greece okha ndi akulu pang'ono kuposa Germany.

Chifukwa cha ukalamba, Germany ikukumana ndi kusowa kwakukulu kwa ogwira ntchito ya unamwino. Malinga ndi malipoti atolankhani aku Germany pakadali pano ali ndi anamwino pafupifupi 1 miliyoni, ndipo ntchito yaunamwino ndi yayikulu. Kumapeto kwa 2017, anthu pafupifupi 2.9 miliyoni ku Germany anafunikira chisamaliro, ndipo pofika 2030, anthu 4.1 miliyoni akuyembekezeka kufunikira chisamaliro.

Mu Julayi 2020, boma la Germany lidalengeza kuti likufuna kuwonjezera malipiro a anamwino, kukonza magwiridwe antchito, komanso kulimbikitsa maphunziro a unamwino. Unduna wa Zaumoyo a Jens Spahn adatinso akufuna kulemba anthu ena anamwino ochokera kutsidya lina.

Mu Disembala 2019, anthu 4.13 miliyoni ku Germany adafunikira chisamaliro chanthawi yayitali monga momwe Lamulo la Inshuwaransi Yanthawi yayitali, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa anthu 710,000 kapena 21% poyerekeza ndi anthu 3.41 miliyoni omwe amafunikira chisamaliro chanthawi yayitali mu Disembala 2017.

Pamene lingaliro latsopano, lalikulu la chisamaliro cha nthawi yaitali likudziwika, ndipo kukalamba kophatikizana kukukulirakulira, chiwerengero cha anthu ofunikira chisamaliro chidzawonjezeka chaka ndi chaka. Pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa ogwira nawo ntchito yosamalira anamwino, mu 2017, Germany inali ndi antchito osamalira okalamba okwana 764,000 m'nyumba zosungirako okalamba ndi 390,000 ogwira ntchito yosamalira ana, okwana 1.155 miliyoni, omwe anali otsika kwambiri kuposa 3.41 miliyoni omwe amafunikira ntchito za unamwino chaka chimenecho.

Kutengera kugawidwa kwa zipatala ndi zipatala pafupi ndi malo okhala, pafupifupi 67% ya anthu osowa chithandizo ku Germany mu 2019 amakhala m'banja ndipo amasamaliridwa ndi achibale kapena akatswiri omwe amapereka chithandizo chakunja. Koma malinga ndi kunena kwa Berlin Demographic Institute, oposa 76 peresenti ya ana obadwa kumene ku Germany amakonda kukhala paokha kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi kuyendayenda momasuka m’malo awo okhala, m’malo mongosamalidwa kunyumba. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, 35% ya okalamba m'deralo amakhulupirira kuti n'kofunika kwambiri kukhala ndi dokotala wathunthu wabanja ndi sitolo yachipatala mkati mwa maulendo aatali oyenda kapena onyamula magalimoto. Makamaka kum'maŵa kwa Germany ndi madera akumidzi, kachulukidwe kagawidwe ka nthambi zachipatala ndi zipatala zachipatala ndi zosakwana 60% zomwe zili m'madera otukuka akumadzulo, ndipo kusowa kwa ogwira ntchito ya unamwino kudzakhala kovuta kwambiri ndi ukalamba.

Mapiramidi a Chiwerengero cha Anthu - Pyramid Population of Germany mu 2022

DE Germany

M'chaka cha 2022, kugawidwa kwa anthu ku Germany ndi:

Zonse chiwerengero cha anthu	83,426,788	100%
Wachinyamata chiwerengero cha anthu	11.626.786	13.94%
Kugwira ntchito zaka chiwerengero cha anthu	53,221,159	63.79%
Okalamba chiwerengero cha anthu	18,578,843	22.27%

Chiwerengero cha anthu azaka zogwira ntchito chidzakhala chochepera 60% mwa anthu onse mchaka cha 2030. Chiwerengero cha anthu okalamba chidzaposa kuwirikiza kawiri chiwerengero cha achinyamata pofika chaka cha 2033. Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu chidzafika pa 83,426,788 mu 2022;

Mu 2050, okalamba adzawerengera 30.43% ya anthu aku Germany, ndipo vuto la ukalamba wa anthu ndi lalikulu. [World Bank Global Statistics]

Chithunzi 2 [World Bank Global Statistics]

Mbiri yakale

Chiyambireni kutha kwa dziko la Soviet Union mu 1991, chiwerengero cha anthu ku Russia chacheperachepera pazifukwa zambiri zachuma ndi zachikhalidwe. Chiwerengero cha Russia chinali 148.6 miliyoni mu 1993, ndipo chinagwera pafupifupi 142.8 miliyoni mu 2008, kuchepa kwa pafupifupi 6 miliyoni. Kuchokera mu 1992 mpaka 2008, chiwerengero cha anthu ku Russia chinatsika kuchoka pa 148.5 miliyoni kufika pa 142.7 miliyoni, kutsika kwa anthu pafupifupi 5.8 miliyoni.

Mu 2013, dziko la Russia lidakumana ndi chiwonjezeko choyambirira cha anthu kuyambira pomwe idalandira ufulu wodzilamulira, ndipo kubadwa 22,900 kupitilira kufa. Mu 2015, chiwerengero cha anthu ku Russia chinawonjezeka kufika pa 146.3 miliyoni, kukwaniritsa zolinga ndi ntchito za "Concept of Population Policy of the Russian Federation mpaka 2025" patsogolo pa nthawi. Mu 2017, chiwerengero cha anthu ku Russia chinakwera kufika pa 146.88 miliyoni, chiwerengero chachiwiri cha anthu onse ku Russia kuyambira pamene Soviet Union inagwa.

Komabe, zinthu zachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu ku Russia chichepe sichinasinthidwe kwenikweni, ndipo kutsika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa anthu kwabweranso pambuyo popumula kwakanthawi. Kuchokera mu 2018, chiwerengero cha anthu ku Russia chinayambanso kuchepa, ndipo kuchepa kwawonjezeka kwambiri.

Malinga ndi zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi, ngati okalamba azaka zopitilira 60 amawerengera 10% ya anthu onse, kapena okalamba azaka zopitilira 65 afika 7% ya anthu onse, zikutanthauza kuti dzikolo layamba kulowa mugulu la okalamba. Chiŵerengero chodalira okalamba ndi 34% mpaka 36%. Chiŵerengero chodalira okalamba cha mayiko omwe ali ndi ukalamba wochuluka padziko lapansi panthawi yomweyi ndi: 17.2% mpaka 24.2% ku Japan, 24.1% mpaka 24.3% ku UK, ndi 21.7% ku Germany 23%. 21.3% -24.8% Poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena, chiŵerengero cha anthu odalira okalamba ku Russia chakwera kwambiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti chiwerengero cha ukalamba cha anthu a ku Russia ndi choopsa kwambiri. Pofika Januware 2005, Russia 60 Chiwerengero cha anthu azaka zopitilira 65 ndi 17.33% ya anthu onse, ndipo anthu opitilira zaka 65 ndi 13.72% ya anthu onse. Chifukwa chake, Russia ili kale dziko lokalamba.

Pambuyo pakuchepa pang'ono mu 2018 ndi 2019, kuchuluka kwa anthu ku Russia kwadzetsa vuto losazolowereka la 2020. Pokhudzidwa ndi mliri watsopano wa korona, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anamwalira mu 2020 chinawonjezeka ndi 18% poyerekeza ndi 2019, kufika pafupifupi 2.139 miliyoni, omwe pafupifupi 104,000 adayambitsa kachilombo ka corona. Panthawi yomweyi, chiwerengero cha obadwa ku Russia chinali pafupifupi 1.437 miliyoni, kuchepa kwa 44,600 kuchokera ku 2019. Panali imfa zambiri kuposa kubadwa, ndipo kuchepa kwachilengedwe kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kunali kwakukulu kwambiri kuyambira 2005. Kuphatikiza kwa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu komanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu osamukira kumayiko ena kwachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chichepetse pafupifupi 600,000 ku Russia mu 2020, 18 kuwirikiza mu 2019 komanso chachikulu kwambiri kuyambira 2003.

Mu 2019, chiwerengero cha anthu aku Russia azaka zopitilira 65 chinali 14%, ndipo pofika koyambirira kwa 2021, chafika 15.5%. Ngakhale kuti kukalamba kwa dziko la Russia sikuli koopsa ngati kwa Japan ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya, kwafika pamlingo wa mayiko otukuka monga United States, Australia ndi Canada, ndipo zochitika za "kukalamba usanalemere" zikuchulukirachulukira. Chachiwiri, vuto lakale la kusamvana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi silinathe. Mu 2021, amuna adzawerengera 46.3% ya anthu aku Russia ndi 53.7% ya akazi, ndi akazi pafupifupi 11 miliyoni kuposa amuna.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa

Malinga ndi Russian Federal Bureau of Statistics, chakumayambiriro kwa 2020, chiwerengero chonse cha Russia chinali 146.781 miliyoni, pomwe oposa 32 miliyoni anali ndi zaka zopitilira 60, zomwe zimawerengera 21.8% ya anthu onse.

Malinga ndi deta yeniyeni, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa 2020, chiwerengero cha Russia chinali 146.781 miliyoni, kuphatikizapo amuna 68.097 miliyoni ndi akazi 78.684 miliyoni. Malinga ndi magulu azaka:

1) Pali ana oposa 18 miliyoni azaka zapakati pa 0-9, ndi achinyamata oposa 14.7 miliyoni azaka zapakati pa 10-19;

2) Pali achinyamata oposa 17.3 miliyoni azaka 20-29, 24.4 miliyoni azaka 30-39, ndi 20.3 miliyoni azaka 40-49;

3) Pali opuma pantchito 19.8 miliyoni azaka zapakati pa 50-59;

4) Pali anthu opitilira 32 miliyoni azaka zopitilira 60, omwe ndi 21.8% ya anthu onse.

RU Russian Federation

M'chaka cha 2022, kugawidwa kwa anthu ku Russian Federation ndi:

Zonse chiwerengero cha anthu	144,732,514	100%
Wachinyamata chiwerengero cha anthu	25,685,450	17.75%
Kugwira ntchito zaka chiwerengero cha anthu	96,329,309	66.56%
Okalamba chiwerengero cha anthu	22,717,755	15.70%

Chiwerengero cha anthu azaka zogwira ntchito chidzakhala chochepera 60% ya anthu onse mu 2051. Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu chinakwera kwambiri mu 1994 pa 148,932,648.

Mu 2050, chiwerengero cha okalamba ndi 24.12% ya anthu a Russian Federation, ndipo vuto la ukalamba ndi lalikulu. [World Bank Global Statistics]

Chithunzi 2 [World Bank Global Statistics]